TNF and pulmonary arterial hypertension: Furthermore, a rat model of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) induced by injection of monocrotaline, which was intraperitoneally injected with APS (200 mg/kg, once every 2 days) for 2 weeks leading to reduced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and inflammation alleviation (111).