TNF and polycystic ovary syndrome: Studies have reported that patients with polycystic ovary syndrome have higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 18 (IL-18), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), white blood cell counts (WBCs), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein- 1α (MIP-1α) (15–17).