Indeed, CXCL10 expression has been demonstrated to increase in response to infection with bacterial and protozoal infections common in Uganda, such as tuberculosis (56), scrub typhus (57), malaria (58), and leishmaniasis (59), as well as in noninfectious inflammatory disorders, such as asthma (60) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) (61). Here, CXCL10 is linked to leishmaniasis.