In this context, a phase II study (87) that tested the efficacy of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells (GVAX) and ipilimumab in mPDAC found that maintenance treatment with the combination did not improve OS after continuation of chemotherapy; in addition, the results were numerically worse in mPDAC. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and pancreatic neoplasm.