IL1B and infection: Although TLRs play an important role in host defense against infections through these mediators, TNF-α and IL-1β which are classified as pro-inflammatory cytokines can produce different outcomes in the host, so that in some cases by hyperactivating (cytokine storm), they disrupt the immune system and lead to an exacerbation of systemic damage caused by infection, such as in sepsis and COVID19 (Chousterman et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2021).