APOE and hypertensive disorder: These observational studies, as well as some others in the field, additionally contained varying amounts of confounding elements, like certain outcome-related genes (apolipoprotein E gene), socio-economic factors, diet, lifestyle, and other potential outcome-associated confounders such as hypertension and hyperglycemia, highlighted in the limitations of the corresponding studies [7, 8, 39, 43, 47–49].