Moreover, when B16F10, CT26, and MC38 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of zebularine for 3 days, we observed ATP release from tumor cells into the extracellular media in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 1G) as well as HMGB1 leaking from the nucleus into the cytoplasm by confocal microscopy (Supplementary Fig. 1d, e). Here, HMGB1 is linked to neoplasm.