Transfecting EMCV vRNA into the cytosol of cells activates the production of IFN-β via MDA56,25,26, while transfection with rabies virus leader (RABV-Le) RNA or infection with Sendai virus (SeV) or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) activates IFN-β via RIG-I3,27,28. This evidence concerns the gene IFNB1 and infection.