First, we independently examined HG and memory DEGs and found that up-regulated HG DEGs were enriched for terms and pathways known to be affected by hyperglycemia and diabetes(Yano et al, 2004; Coughlan et al, 2009; Deshpande et al, 2013; Zhang et al, 2015; Kyriazis et al, 2021), such as the p53, TGF-β, PI3K-Akt, TNF, FoxO, and AGE-RAGE pathways, as well as cellular senescence and adhesion molecules (Fig 2D). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and diabetes mellitus.