2023). Meanwhile, according to several studies, this memory impairment can also be caused by LPS injection (Zhu et al. 2014; Anaeigoudari et al. 2015; Zakaria et al. 2017). A study conducted on Sprague-Dawley diabetic rats revealed that the introduction of LPS caused a disturbance in insulin signaling, leading to an immediate inflammatory response and decreased spatial learning and memory (Murtishaw 2014). Here, INS is linked to memory impairment.