HMGA2 and lung carcinoma: Most studies have confirmed that HMGA2 is established to be a multifunctional regulatory factor that promotes tumor occurrence and differentiation, and maintains cell stemness (Fusco and Fedele 2007; Song et al. 2021), In the context of malignancies, HMGA2 is highly expressed in numerous tumors, including colon cancer, BC, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (Han et al. 2023; Hawsawi et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2021a, b, c).