CCL2 and neoplasm: CAFs are susceptible to robust glycolysis and release several cytokines and chemokines that induce tumor immunosuppression, including XCL8, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), CCL2, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as co-regulatory molecules B7H1/ B7DC.