The etiology of HCC (viral/nonviral), Child–Pugh score (A/B), presence of diabetes mellitus (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), cirrhosis (yes/no), ascites (yes/no), number of tumors (single/multiple), tumor location (perivascular/subcapsular/subphrenic), maximum tumor size, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage (0/A), and some laboratory tests such as serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), serum albumin (ALB), and total bilirubin (TBIL) were also recorded. The gene discussed is AFP; the disease is liver cancer.