ULK1 and Parkinson disease: For instance, PS NPs induce PD‐like neurodegeneration by promoting excessive autophagy of neuronal mitochondria through the AMPK/ULK1 pathway.[33, 34] In contrast, weathered MPs composed of propylene and ethylene induce anxiety‐like behaviors, accompanied by a significant decrease in mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II and IV.[35] Changes in physical properties, such as particle size and molecular weight, due to degradation may only modify the intensity of particle toxicity.