For example, a study in Hohhot, China, showed that IL-6 and IL-8 during pregnancy were higher in the GDM group (n = 60) compared with the non-GDM group (n = 60) [53], and an Indian study also showed differences in IL-6 and TNF-α in late pregnancy between the GDM group (n = 35) and the control group (n = 30) [54]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and gestational diabetes.