IFNG and gestational diabetes: As shown in Table 4, after adjusting for age, pre-pregnant BMI, education, income, parity, DM family history, and CVD family history, a significant inverse association was observed between GDM and the third-trimester level of IL-17 A (β = -0.58, 95% CI: -0.99 to -0.18, PFDR = 0.035) and an inverse association between GDM and IFN-γ (β = -0.46, 95% CI: -0.85 to -0.07, PFDR = 0.07) was observed, but the corrected P value only reached a nominal significance level.