Damage in the integrity of microtubule doublet structure has been shown to be associated with sperm motility defects and male infertility, as seen for the deletion of Ccdc176 [25], Tmem232 [26], Cfap97d1 [27], Dnah17 [28], Trll9 [29], Pla2g3 [30] and Vdac3 [31] in mice. The gene discussed is BBOF1; the disease is male infertility.