Corroborating these data, immunofluorescence staining (CD11b+Gr-1+) validated that MDSCs were markedly induced in both tumour (P < 0.0001; Fig. 1e) and colon (P = 0.0004; Extended Data Fig. 1b) sites of P. anaerobius-treated mice. Here, ITGAM is linked to neoplasm.