IARS1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: It is remarkable that exercise training alone in patients with type 2 diabetes significantly increases basal phosphorylation of AMPKα (T172) and Akt (S473) (in keeping with their improvements in systemic basal insulin sensitivity post-exercise training), even though trans-membrane glucose transporters GLUT1/4, IRS, pS6 or pERK remained unchanged after training.