This was specifically accompanied by higher activity levels of RIG-1/MDA-5 and JAK-STAT signaling pathways as well as significantly higher gene and protein levels of antiviral interferon stimulating genes (ISGs) such as MX-1 and ISG-15 in the whole blood and saliva of VitD3 treated COVID-19 patients [45]. Here, IFIH1 is linked to COVID-19.