TNF and Oral ulcer: In addition, a study has shown that TNF-α is important for fracturehealing and excessive or insufficient levels may impede the healing process.31 Also, blocking TNF-α with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody to human TNF-α,has been shown to reduce acute inflammatory response during the development oftraumatic oral ulcers, but may delay wound healing in mucosal injuries.32 Therefore, this cytokine has been shown to play a role in the development ofmucositis (phase 2 and 3), as previously demonstrated in the literature, but it mayalso be important in the healing process (phase 5).