INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Current research endeavors have focused on obesity, insulin resistance, metabolism, growth performance, the gut-brain axis, and others.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Our analysis identified four primary research trends: "biochemical pathways," "exploration of diseases," "intervention and effect," and "health and diet." Future scholars must devote more attention to intestinal microbiota and major lipids to advance our understanding of human health.