MAPK8 and injury: In addition to its neuroprotective effects, sophocarpine has been shown to have protective effects against septic liver injury (Zhengyu et al., 2018), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (Song et al., 2015), and LPS-induced lung injury (Lu et al., 2019) through the inhibition of NF-κB and JNK-related pathways.