PPIA and Sepsis: Comparing the signaling pathways in these two groups, it can be seen that all three pathways, GRN,CCL, and PARs, are specifically expressed in the COVID-19-associated ARDS, while BAFF, CXC, LRESITIN, CypA, and MIF are specifically expressed in the sepsis-related ARDS (Figure 7K, Supplementary Figures S8E-J).