In addition, γKetoC-treated mice showed decreased epithelial cell disruption (focal erosion and ulcers) and inflammatory cell infiltration in the colon tissue and increased number of crypts (Figure 5H and Supplementary Figure S2), and γKetoC administration tended to decrease concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12p40 in serum (Figure 5I). Here, TNF is linked to ulcer disease.