In both sepsis induced by Gram-negative bacteria and autoimmune diseases such as NMOSD, circulating neutrophils are persistently activated or preactivated and are not susceptible to the anti-inflammatory effects of IL-10 even though high concentrations are observed in serum (sepsis, not surviving patients) or in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in NMOSD [31, 32]. The gene discussed is IL10; the disease is autoimmune disease.