Importantly, this process could potentially be counteracted by EGFR blockade which has been shown to promote the secretion of proinflammatory chemokines in both head and neck and breast cancer, as well as to improve responsiveness to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade.47, 48, 49 This has not been investigated in advanced GOA and is the subject of ongoing research within our group. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and breast cancer.