MIF and neurodegenerative disease: For example, DJ-1 interactions with α-synuclein attenuate aggregation and cellular toxicity in models of Parkinson’s disease.53 Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) similarly reduces the amount of misfolded mutant SOD1 through a direct interaction.54 In the PKA neurodegenerative disease considered here, based on PKA-associated mutation, binding of the C-subunit prevents RIβ-L50R aggregation in a dose-dependent manner.