HP and infection: Predictors increasing the risk of biological treatment failure were previous history of frequent infections (OR = 4.43, 95% CI 1.00–19.58, p = 0.049) and higher zonulin levels (per 10 ng/ml OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.02–2.00, p = 0.048), which remained significant after adjusting for the majority of potential confounders (Table 2) and (Table 3).