Likewise, studies should be performed to evaluate the role of inflammation and pro-inflammatory host CVM composition on MmuPV1 infection given recent findings that high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) may be markers of inherent predisposition to HPV persistence and disease in women (20, 39, 40). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and infection.