NFKB1 and Menkes disease: The inflammatory state in MD patients is summarized as follows: MD as an endophenotype in bilateral MD associated with the allelic variant rs4947296 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated inflammation; The role of cytokines, especially interleukin (IL) -1βand tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in identifying a subset of patients with autoinflammation; and the potential of cytokines as biomarkers for distinguishing MD from vestibular migraine (5, 6).