In response to oxidative stress, virus infection, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and nutrient depletion, PKR, HRI, PERK, and GCN2 are activated, leading to phosphorylation of eIF2α for repressing protein translation and protecting mRNA by SG formation (Lavalee et al. 2021; Jung et al. 2023). Here, EIF2AK2 is linked to viral infectious disease.