RAC1 and carcinoma of esophagus: A further study examining lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and mepivacaine found that all tested local anaesthetics significantly enhanced the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of both 5-fluorouracil and paclitaxel in oesophageal cancer cells, and although RhoA was unaffected, Rac1 activity was significantly depressed by ropivacaine and bupivacaine.42