APP and Alzheimer disease: APP/PS1 mice, a commonly used and reliable double transgenic model for AD research, express mutated forms of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP swe) and human presenilin one gene (PS1246E), which result in elevated levels and aggregation rates of Aβ protein in the brain, mirroring the plaque formation seen in human AD (Porquet et al., 2015; Chen and Zhang, 2022).