In a pioneering study conducted by Dai and colleagues, a clinical trial in the initial phase depicted immunization with EVs isolated from ascites of CRC subjects followed by immunotherapy with granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induced a safe and well-tolerated response from tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells in CRC patients [253]. Here, CSF2 is linked to colorectal carcinoma.