AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: The XGBoost model performed well in predicting survival of patients with AFP-positive HCC at 1-year (train set: AUC = 0.771; test set: AUC = 0.782), 3-year (train set: AUC = 0.763; test set: AUC = 0.749) and 5-year (train set: AUC = 0.807; test set: AUC = 0.740) (Fig. 3).