We found DPA1 and DPB1 loci to be particularly differentiated across the continent, which could have relevance for traits such as HBsAg response, given our observed HLA-DP associations consistent with previous reports27,32,33, and other viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 (ref. 34) and HIV-1 (ref. 30). This evidence concerns the gene HLA-DPA1 and viral infectious disease.