GSK3B and Alzheimer disease: The PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway is an essential signaling transduction pathway involved in diverse biological processes such as cellular growth, survival, and metabolism.44 GSK3β is activated under the resting conditions, leading to Nrf2 degradation, while under oxidative stress conditions in AD, the inhibition of GSK3β can induce the activation of Nrf2.45,46 Accordingly, we reckoned that the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway may mediate the promoting effect of hDPSCs on Nrf2 nuclear accumulation and antioxidant proteins expression.