In addition to this, HMGB1 promotes the proliferation of EPC and the regeneration of blood vessels in ischemic areas during the chronic phase of stroke and reduces the volume of brain atrophy through the mitogen-activated protein/extracellular regulated protein kinases (MEK/ERK) pathway initiated by endothelial progenitor cell RAGE receptors [135]. Here, HMGB1 is linked to Brain atrophy.