TNF and Stroke: A clinical study including patients with ischemic stroke has found that the TLR2 and TLR4 in serum were independently associated with poor prognosis after stroke and correlated with higher serum levels of IL-1β, IL6, tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α), and the vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM1), and that TLR4 in serum was independently associated with lesion volume in patients with ischemic stroke [37].