ELISA and Western blotting revealed that the expression of anti-TNF-α nanobody and IL-10 were induced by thiosulfate in a dose-dependent manner from 0 to 500 μM, which is the range of intestinal thiosulfate concentrations in DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease in mice according to previous studies (Zou et al. 2023). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and inflammatory bowel disease.