ESR1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Thus, circumstances in which the levels or action of estrogen are curtailed or reduced during human pregnancy, e.g. preterm birth, aromatase gene mutation, or endocrine disruptors that interfere with estrogen receptor action, lead to T2DM in offspring (Hofman et al. 2004, Darendeliler et al. 2008, Fukami et al. 2009, Alonso-Magdalena et al. 2010, Paz et al. 2017).