Importantly, the reduction in fetal VEGF expression and microvascular development in estrogen-deprived baboons was subsequently manifest as a comparable decrease in offspring systemic microvessel density as shown previously (Albrecht et al. 2022), and impaired systemic vascular response to acetylcholine, increase in mean arterial blood pressure, as well as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in offspring of the present study. This evidence concerns the gene VEGFA and Insulin resistance.