For example, loneliness has been associated with negative perceptions of DM (Hernandez et al., 2020), depression (McCaffery et al., 2020), increased A1C levels (Huang et al., 2022), increased postprandial glucose (Avci, 2018), decreased cortisol and increased MCP-1 levels (Hackett et al., 2019), and slower walking speed and weaker hand grip strength (McCaffery et al., 2020), all of which make older adults with DM more susceptible to complications and poorer DM management. Here, CCL2 is linked to diabetes mellitus.