When adjusted for demographic data, duration of dialysis, primary renal diagnosis, comorbid conditions, haemoglobin and albumin levels and medications (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers and immunosuppressants), the risk for developing de novo HF was higher for patients with an AVF at the time of transplantation compared with those with no AVF {adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.14 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.40–3.26]} when death and KT failure were treated as censoring events (Table 5). Here, ACE is linked to hydrops fetalis.