We performed subgroup analyses for age, sex, BMI, self-reported racial background, AD-GRS, and number of APOE*E4 alleles for incident all-cause dementia (Figs. 6A and 7A), and we found the results were consistent with our primary findings (Fig. 3) (except for NfL that did not show significance in non-White participants), indicating the increment of both GFAP and NfL across different subgroups suggests the risk of incident dementia. Here, APOE is linked to Alzheimer disease.