However, the immunosuppressive microenvironment of GBM, characterized by factors such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and C-C motif chemokine ligands (CCLs), presents significant challenges for effective anti-tumor immune responses. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is glioblastoma.