TNF and colitis: Moreover, the administration of gallic acid at doses of 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg significantly increased the expressions of IL-4 and IL-10 while downregulating IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and TNF-α in the colon tissues of TNBS-induced colitis mice and IL-1β-induced HIEC-6 cells [23].