TLR4 and colitis: Overall, our studies have shown that EPP can ameliorate colitis clinical symptoms; repair the mechanical barrier by promoting the tight junction protein; reshape the microbial intestinal barrier by reducing the abundance of Bacteroides, Escherichia–Shigella, and Klebsiella, increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus; and regulate and reshape metabolism in UC mice, thereby reducing LPS entry into the blood and inhibiting LPS-induced TLR4-NF-κB signal transduction.