TNF and COVID-19: Studies on the role of macrophages in DAD associated with COVID-19 are ongoing and describe a complex picture with some key themes, implying a dual role of macrophages as both protectors and contributors to injury [32], potentially triggering the cytokine storm by releasing excess IL-6 and TNF-α from phagocyted desquamated cells, creating an ever-aggravating loop of cytokine release [33].