Furthermore, the risk of poor functional outcome was more pronounced for patients with high IGFBP-1 in all three BMI categories (normal-weight: OR 4.41, 95% CI 2.00–9.73; overweight: OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.14–5.51; obesity: OR 4.67, 95% CI 1.79–12.1) compared with the reference group of overweight patients with low s-IGFBP-1. Here, IGFBP1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.