INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: However, in humans, according to data in the currently available literature, intake of ALA seems to have little or no effect on type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk or parameters of glucose homeostasis, including fasting glucose, fasting insulin, glycated hemoglobin A1c and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) approximative index of insulin resistance [105,106].