According to Zhang et al. [71], the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1/β-catenin signaling axis plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in T2DM, as IGF-1 is involved in both bone and glucose metabolism and IGF-1 signaling regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.